![]() They are referred to as ventricular septal defects (VSD) when affecting the lower heart. Defects in this section include atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO). In some cases, the holes can emerge in the lower section of the septum, known as the interventricular septum. These holes are present in the heart wall that separates the atria. Sometimes, although rarely, intracardiac shunting can lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and heart rhythm problems. Experts associate these holes in the walls with strokes. This could lead to plummeting oxygen levels or a decompression illness. As a result, both venous and arterial blood end up mixing without getting through the normal pathway. Intracardiac shunting happens because of a hole in the walls that would otherwise separate high oxygen (arterial) from low oxygen (venous) blood. In fact, about 0.8% to 1.2% of live births around the globe have some sort of hereditary heart anomaly. Intracardiac shunts are prevalent congenital heart defects. These are abnormal pathways for blood flow. Intracardiac shunting happens when the cardiac blood circulation in the heart takes a shortcut. Now, to understand intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunting, it’s essential to take a look at human physiology and anatomy. ![]() It is shunted (diverted) so that it will circumvent the pulmonary capillaries. Usually, around 2% of the blood will follow a different path. These veins deliver CO2-poor and O2-rich blood into the left atrium, eventually reaching the left ventricle and aorta. The pulmonary capillaries drain into pulmonary venules that flow into two pulmonary veins. From there, the system pumps the blood into the major pulmonary trunk, which is then divided into the pulmonary arteries of each lung. Next, this blood flows into the right ventricle. ![]() Pulmonary circulation begins with rich CO2 (carbon dioxide) and O2 (oxygen) poor blood in the right atrium.
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